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SUMMARISING

Gramatica


ALTE DOCUMENTE

TIMPURILE VERBALE in Engleza
Verbul
THE RADIO AND THE TELEVISION
Numeralul ordinal
CONJUNCTIA
Lectia 1: Substantivul
Exercitii cu fraze conditionale
CONSOANELE
PROBE DE EVALUARE LA LIMBA SI LITERATURA ROMANA
ADJECTIVIZAREA PRIN CONVERSIUNE



SUMMARISING



Glossary: General business vocabulary

Language Practice: Talking about facts and actions

Doing Business: Modifying business information (summarising)

Social Skills: Expressing disagreement

Sometimes, when there is time constraints, information may need to be reproduced in an abbreviated or summarised form, as only the refined material is to go forward: this implies that people in business are often required to distinguish between important and trivial elements in communications - the essence of the task in the business world.

In practice, summary, brief, digest, and synopsis all terms for a short version of a longer work, are often mistaken:

Brief is 'a detailed outline, by heads and subheads, of a
discourse (usually legal) to be completed’:

a brief for an argument

Digest is 'an abridgement of an article, book, etc., or an
organised arrangement of material under heads and titles’:
a digest of popular novel

Summary is 'a brief statement or restatement of main
points, especially as a conclusion to a work’:

the summary of a chapter

Synopsis is 'usually a compressed statement of the plot of
a novel, play, etc.’:

a synopsis of Hamlet

Summarising means looking at some hundred or thousand word text and deciding which strands are vital to its understanding and which parts can be left out, or glossed over, without seriously reducing the impact. If information fall into clear-cut compartments 919f54j of vital and irrelevant, the text is easy to shorten. The shorter the summary, the greater the loss of detail is.

Whenever a person involved in business is faced with the task of summarising, that is when there are time constraints, he/she should rely on a nine-stage method based on the words TRACK DICE (a device for aiding the memory). To each letter of this mnemonics corresponds a stage to follow. (After Joseph Chilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach

& Glossary

abridgement = prescurtare, prezentare pe scurt

aid (v.) = a ajuta

be faced with (v.) = a fi confruntat cu

brief (s.) = compendiu, scurta expunere, rezumat

clear-cut = bine definit(a)

compressed = comprimat(a)

constraint = constrângere

device = dispozitiv, truc

digest = culegere (de material); publicatie informativa; rezumat; expunere

sumara

gloss over (v.) = a da o interpretare speciala

go forward (v.) = a pleca mai departe

head = titlu important

imply (v.) = a implica, a însemna

involved = implicat(a)

leave out (v.) = a lasa la o parte, a omite

loss = pierdere

mnemonics (sg.) = mnemotehnica

novel = roman

outline = expunere

play = piesa de teatru

rely on (v.) = a se baza pe

shorten (v.) = a scurta

strand = portiune

summary = conspect, expunere sumara, rezumat

synopsis (pl. synopses) = expunere sumara, rezumat, sinopsis

trivial = insignifiant(a), lipsit(a) de importanta, nesemnificativ(a)

L Language Practice

1. Answer the following.

When may information need to be reproduced in a summarised form?

What does it imply?

What is a summary? A brief? A digest? A synopsis?

What does summarising mean?

How many kinds of information are there?



What should someone involved in business rely on when faced with the task of summarising?

What corresponds to each letter of the TRACK DICE?

2. Match the following words with their definitions.

summarily

a. a comprehensive and usually brief abstract,

recapitulation, or compendium of previously stated

facts or statements

summarise (v.)

b. brief and comprehensive, concise

summary (n.)

c. in a prompt or direct manner, immediately,

straightaway

summary (adj.)

d. to make a summary of, to state or express in a

concise form; to constitute a summary of

3. Fill in with the appropriate prepositions from below.

at – for – in – of – on – out – to – with

Smart Fashions make clothing … young people between the ages … 18 and 25. The firm specialises … evening wear, producing the sort … clothes worn … discos, parties and clubs. Its merchandise is not expensive, though it is fashionable and well made. Soon, the company will launch its new creation, a trouser suit. The suit costs $ 15 to manufacture, and its selling price has not yet been fixed. It is made … a lightweight material which looks – and feels – … silk. It should be ideal … the young woman who wants … look smart … a summer evening. Unfortunately, fashionable clothing does not always sell well. Look what happened last year. The company brought … a lovely dress for summer wear. All Smart’s staff expected it … sell like hot cakes, but … fact few customers bought it. Smart does not want the same thing … happen … the trouser suit. The company has contacted two advertising agencies and has asked each … consider how it would promote the suit. If one … them gives good advice and has interesting ideas, they will use that agency … carry … an advertising campaign … the new suit.

4. Group the following according to the model.

Under, below, beneath

Slightly, imperfectly, nearly

Subordinate

subalpine

subacid

subcommittee

subacute – subaltern subaquatic – subarid – subassembly – subaxillary – subbasement – subcellar subchloride – subclass subconscious – subcontinent – subcortex – subdivision – subfloor – subfamily – subgroup – sublieutenant – sublingual – submarine – submontane – subplot – subprincipal – subsidy – subsoil – substrate – substructure

5. Change the following into questions, as indicated.

Only the refined material is to go forward. (What …?)

People involved in business are often required to distinguish between important and trivial elements in communication. (Who …?)

Sometimes information may need to be reproduced in an abbreviated form. (When …?)

Summary and brief are often mistaken. (What …?)

Doing Business: Summarising

1. Summarize the text on page 39 bearing in mind the following advice.

T

= Task

Make sure you understand the terms of reference, the task you have been set.

R

= Read

Read through the passage once to perceive the general drift. Then read it again more carefully.

A

= Ask

Ask questions such as 'What is this about?', 'What title could it be given?'

C



= Clarify

Look at any difficult words or passages. Try to work out their meaning from the surrounding text.

K

= Key words and phrases

Which are the vital parts of the text? Where possible underline them. Use broken lines to show the secondary phrases, those you consider to be fairly important but not vital.

D

= Draft

Make a rough draft of your summary, using your own words to link up the elements.

I

= Improve

Refer back to the instructions. Read the passage once more and make any necessary amendments.

C

= Count

Is there a limit to the number of words you are allowed to use in your summary? How many words have you used? Add or subtract according to the degree of importance.

E

= Edit

Read through the draft once more before editing and producing the summary in its final form.

COMPANY NEWS

SHARE OFFER

BY KITCHEN MANUFACTURER

Next month, Zena plc, the well-known maker of kitchen appliances, will offer for sale to the public two million shares. These will rise about ₤800,000 for the company.

Zena supplies a wide range of equipment for the luxury kitchen market. It specialises in high-quality cookers, freezers and refrigerators. The company was founded in 1970. Its turnover has grown from ₤100,000 to ₤12 million. Last year pre-tax profits were ₤1.6 million.

Chairman of the firm is Mr Gerald Knight. The board of directors – average age 42 – includes Mr Frank Bewley, sales director, and Mr Jasper Levy, chief accountant.

Investors should jump at the chance to buy the shares. Zena has a good profit record over the years. Its fixed assets are worth over ₤4 million. Factories at Liverpool and Bristol (both freehold properties) are valued at ₤2.9 million. It also has plant and machinery worth ₤1 million. The company has paid out excellent dividends since it obtained a quotation in 1976.

Zena are issuing new shares to finance their expansion into Europe. Next year, they plan to set up a subsidiary in Zurich, Switzerland.

2. Which word or phrase in the text above mean:

a company whose controlling interest is owned by another company

a form of tenure by which an estate is held in fee simple, fee tail, or for life

a pecuniary gain resulting from the employment of capital in any transaction

a sum of money paid to shareholders of a corporation out of earnings

any long-term assets, as buildings, tracts of land, or patents

one of the equal fractional parts into which the capital stock of a joint-stock company or corporation is divided

pieces of equipment, usually operated electrically, especially for use in the home or for performance of domestic chores, as a refrigerator, washing machine, or toaster

prior to the payment of taxes

the statement of the current or market price of a commodity or security

the turning over of the capital or stock of goods involved in a particular transaction or course of business

3. Put into Romanian the text above. Use a dictionary.

I Social Skills: Expressing Disagreement

A colleague of yours says it is better to let children work in factories than have them beg in the streets. Use the following to say you disagree.

/ don't agree ...

I'm afraid I can't accept ... / I disagree with ...

Never!

No way!

Nonsense!

J Supplementary Reading: Government’s Role in American Agriculture

Beginning with the creation of the Department of Agriculture in 1862, the federal government took a direct role in agricultural affairs, going so far as to teach farmers how to make their land more productive. After a period of prosperity in the early 20th century, farm prices declined in the 1920s. The Great Depression of the 1930s drove prices still lower, and by 1932 farm prices had dropped, on average, to less than one-third of their 1920 levels. Farmers went bankrupt by the tens of thousands. Many present-day farm policies have their roots in the desperate decade of the 1930s and the rescue effort contained in the New Deal. Today a maze of legislation embodies U.S. farm policies. On the theory that overproduction is a chief cause of low farm prices, in some circumstances the government pays farmers to plant fewer crops. Certain commodities can be used as collateral to secure federal loans, or “price supports”. Deficiency payments reimburse farmers for the difference between the “target price” set by Congress for a given crop and the actual price paid when the crop is sold. And a federal system of dams and irrigation canals delivers water at subsidised prices to farmers in western states. Price supports and deficiency payments apply only to such basic commodities as grains, dairy products, and cotton; many other crops are not federally subsidised. Farm subsidy programs have been criticised on the grounds that they benefit large farms most and accelerate the trend toward larger – and fewer – farms. In one recent year, for example, farms with more than $ 250,000 in sales – only 5 percent of the total number of farms – received 24 percent of government farm payments. There is growing movement to cut back the government’s role in agriculture and to reduce subsidies paid to farmers. Important economic interests defend current farm policy, however, and proposals for change have stirred vigorous debate in Congress. (After Portrait of the U.S.A.)





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