CAPITOLUL I
Scurt istoric
Capitolul II
Materiale folosite in industria constructoare de autoturisme
Materiale compozite folosite in industria constructoare de autoturisme
3.1 Fibra de sticla
Tipul
fibrei
Diametru
(μm)
Greutate
specifica
(kg/m3)
Coef.de
dil. term. (x10-6 grC-1)
Modulul
lui Young
(GPa)
Rez.la
rupere
(GPa)
Deformatia
spec.la
rupere (%)
Coef.
lui
Poisson
Temp.de
curgere
gr. C
E
AR
M
S
Continutul scazut de substanta alcalina asigura rezistenta la coroziune si o rezistivitate electrica buna. Proprietatile fibrei vor fi influentate si de procesul de fabricatie ca si de dimensiunile fibrelor. Modulul lui Young si modulul de elasticitate transversal vor creste usor cu cresterea diametrului. Un dezavantaj il reprezinta slaba rezistenta la acizi. Pentru ridicarea rezistentei chimice si in special fata de substantele alcaline a fost dezvoltata sticla de tip "AR" (alcalin rezistenta) care contine cca 16% ZrO2 si care are o buna rezistenta la atacurile chimice.
Fig.3.9 Micrografia unui compozit carbon-carbon
Fiecare clasa poseda proprietati generale dar se subdivide in tipuri de carboni cu proprietati specifice: astfel pirocarbonul are proprietati foarte diferite in functie de temperatura de depunere.
Materialele cu fibre de carbon si in special cele de tip carbon-carbon au fost studiate si dezvoltate pana in prezent in principal ca elemente de ajutaje de reactie ale motoarelor turboreactoare si rachetelor cu propergoli solizi. Performanta unui ajutaj este cu atat mai ridicata cu cat materialele din compozitia sa sunt mai rezistente la ablatiune iar masa specifica este mai mica. Tinand seama de faptul ca in majoritatea conductelor reactiile chimice au loc in mediu reducator, printre materialele refractare demne de considerat carbonul are un loc privilegiat. Utilizarea acestor tipuri de materiale (grafitele policristaline, pirografitul, compusii fenolici ranforsati cu carbon si carbon-carbon) este determinata de evolutia ajutajelor, care sunt organe vitale ale motoarelor turboreactoarelor si rachetelor.
Fibrele de carbon au fost produse pentru prima data inca din secolul al XIX-lea prin carbonizarea bumbacului si bambusului. In prezent, fibrele de carbon si cele de grafit (fibre de
carbon tratate la temperatura inalta) sunt produse prin oxidarea si carbonizarea controlata a unor fibre organice selectionate, asa numitii precursori precum celuloza, poliacrilonitrilul (PAN), lignina si gudronul. Proprietatile fibrelor de carbon sunt influentate atat de materia prima a fibrelor si de calitatea fibrei precursorului, cat si de tehnologia de fabricatie.
3.4 LAMINA ARMATA UNIDIRECTIONAL
εrF
Fig. 3.12 Diagrame tensiune-alungire in cazul unei lamine armate cu fibre continue paralele, solicitata la tractiune longitudinala
|
σF dσF |
|
σF |
Fig. 3.14 Lamina armata cu fibre paralele discontinue, solicitata la tractiune longitudinala
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