THE GRAPH (II)
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Glossary: General graph vocabulary Language Practice: Talking about
actions, states, and qualities |
A tabular display is 'an array of verbal or numerical information in columns and rows'. It is most useful in presenting information about two or more related variables - for example, employee salaries for a certain month.
A visual display is 'a diagram that represents several items of information in a manner that makes comparison easier or reflects trends among the items'. Presenting data visually in the form of graphs or diagrams makes their meaning clear at a glance.
Tabular displays generally have less impact than visual displays, whose short, medium, or long bars can be easily picked by the eye. On the other hand, though the data contained in most two-column tables can be displayed visually, to display the information in a three-column table, several bar or pie charts 939i82j would be required. In such a case, the items of information are easier to compare when they are presented in a table. Also, information that is to be manipulated is most often displayed in tabular form.
A graph is 'a diagram [chart 'a graphic representation, as by curves, of a dependent variable, as temperature, price, etc.', plan, or scheme] representing a system of connections or interrelations among two or more things by a number of distinctive dots, lines, bars, etc.' In a graph, values are plotted to scale on a set of axes. Graphs are most effective for presenting information about a single variable that changes with time (see below), and they tend to emphasise trends as well as peaks and low points in the value of the variable.
Several types of graphs are very much in use in nowadays' management:
two-dimensional graphs
bar charts and
pie charts.
They all can 'say' the same things, though they are quite different from a representational point of view. (After Joseph Chilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach
& Glossary
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array = aranjare at a glance = dintr-o privire be to (v.) = a urma sa, a trebui sa below = mai jos effective = eficient(a) emphasise (v.) = a accentua, a pune accentul pe employee = angajat(a) item = articol,
obiect meaning = înteles, sens peak = punct maxim, vârf pick (v.) = a alege, a culege, a selecta plot to scale (v.) = a reprezenta la scara price = pret row = rând, sir though = cu toate ca, desi trend = curent, tendinta |
L Language Practice
Answer the following.
What is a tabular display?
How can verbal or numerical information be arrayed?
Where is it most useful?
What is a visual display?
What advantage does it have?
Why have tabular displays less impact than visual displays?
Why can short, medium, or long bars be easily picked by the eye?
When is it better to display information in a table?
What is a graph?
What do graphs represent?
How do graphs represent connection systems or interrelations among two or more things?
What do charts usually represent graphically?
Where are values plotted to scale?
What are graphs most effective for?
What do they tend to emphasize?
What types of graphs are very much in use in nowadays' management?
2. Match the following words with their definitions.
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1. display |
a. (in heraldry, of a bird) represented with wings and legs spread |
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2. display ad |
b. an act or instance of displaying; exhibition |
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3. display advertising |
c. an advertisement, in a newspaper or other publication, often using special attention- getting devices, as large size, display type, and illustrations |
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4. displayed |
d. display ads taken collectively |
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5. display type |
e. type larger than body type, used in headings, advertisements, etc. |
3. Fill in with the proper verbs from below.
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did - has - is - should - wanted - were - will |
This . the busiest time of the year for the company. Every employee .working overtime and . continue to do so for the next two months or more. The office . recently taken on two temporary workers, but neither . doing her job well. The director . worried. He . not tell the office staff about the plans to install a computer because, for a long time, the management . not sure if they . to introduce it. He still . not signed the contract with the supplier of the equipment. Now he . beginning to think 'Maybe we . forget about the computer and leave the office as it .'
4. Fill in with one of the following nouns, paying attention to their meanings.
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to display = to spread something out so that it may be most completely and favourably seen, to show off one's qualities or feelings to evince = to show feelings or qualities to exhibit = to display something in a show, show off one's qualities or feelings to manifest = to show feelings or qualities |
Gardeners always . their most showy flowers within the Expo Flora shows.
He would always . surprise at Christmas time.
She never . any interest in anything.
Shops . goods for sale.
The attack made him . his wit.
The face of the frightened boy . fear.
5. We form the comparative degree of most adjectives in English by adding er to the positive degree (A diagram represents several items of information in a manner that makes comparison easier). If the adjective has more than two syllables, we generally form the comparative by the use of more. The comparative form of all adjectives is generally followed by than. Complete the following by supplying the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
Ann is (attractive) than her sister.
Gold is (valuable) than iron.
Mrs. Smith is much (old) than I expected.
My elder son's car is (expensive) than my younger son's car.
She is (young) than I am.
The weather yesterday was (warm) than the weather today.
These exercises are (difficult) than some of the others.
This avenue is even (wide) than Broadway.
This programme is (satisfactory) than the previous one.
This student is (clever) than the other one.
This summer is (hot) than last summer.
6. Complete these sentences in your own words.
He is taller .
I am .
It is warmer .
She is .
The weather is .
This winter is .
7. Group the following according to the model.
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In |
Un- |
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inoculate |
inability |
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inattention - inbeing - inboard - incalculable - income - indefensible - indent - indwelling - inexpensive - infallible - infer - ingest - ingrate - inhabit - inharmonic - inimitable - inject - injudicious - inhume - inland - innate - innominate - inquiry |
8. Make sentences with the other meanings of the words item, peak, and trend.
Doing Business: Reading Graphs
What differences are there between the following charts?
I Social Skills: Expressing Dissatisfaction
Express your dissatisfaction concerning the way your colleagues have made charts. Use the following.
I'm afraid the charts / results are ...
I'm dissatisfied with ...
It is a waste of ...
It is absolutely ... !
It's dreadful!
It's far from ideal!
Look at what you have done! And, to crown it all .
You can never rely on ...
J Supplementary
Countries with innovative local industries almost invariably have laws to foster innovation by regulating the copying of inventions, identifying symbols, and creative expressions. These laws encompass four separate and distinct types of intangible property - namely, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, which collectively are referred to as "intellectual property".
Intellectual property shares many of the characteristics associated with real and personal property. For example, intellectual property is an asset, and as such it can be bought, sold, licensed, exchanged, or gratuitously given away like any other form of property. Further, the intellectual property owner has the right to prevent the unauthorised use or sale of the property. The most noticeable difference between intellectual property and other forms of property, however, is that intellectual property is intangible, that is, it cannot be defined or identified by its own physical parameters. It must be expressed in some discernible way to be protectable.
All four types of intellectual property are protected on a national basis. Thus, the scope of protection and the requirements for protection will vary from country to country. There are, however, similarities between national legal arrangements. Moreover, the current worldwide trend is toward harmonising the national laws. (Laurence R. Hefter & Robert D. Litowitz, What Is Intellectual Property?)
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