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ADVERBUL

Gramatica


ADVERBUL

Determina un verb in sensul lui concret, de baza

Determina un adjectiv



Ex: He runs quickly because he is extremely quick.

In general adverbul este terminat in "ly", dar nu tot ce are "ly" este adverb.

De regula se formeaza din adjectiv + "ly".

Modificari ortografice:

daca adjectivul se termina in "e", acesta se pastreaza "ely"

Ex: nice - nicely

Exceptii:

due - duly (datorat)

true - truly

whole - wholly

daca adjectivul se termina in "le", se transforma "e" in "y"/ "ly"

Ex: capable - capably

daca adjectivul se termina in "ll", se adauga doar "lly"

Ex: full - fully

daca adjectivul se termina in "ic", se adauga "ally"

Ex: automatic - automatically

daca adjectivul se termina in "y", indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de consoana,

se transforma in "i" si se adauga "ily"

Ex:   pretty - prettily

gay - gaily

Exceptii:

shy - shyly

wry - wryly

coy - coyly (sfios)

adjectivul "good" face adverbul "well"

ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly

Ex:   usually = usual + ly

bitterly = bitter + ly

awfully = awful + ly

Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)

bright = brightly

sound = soundly

fair = fairly

tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)

dear = dearly

dead = deadly

cheap = cheaply

Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.

forma in "ly" se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv

Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu "he is dead tired").

Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)

Ex: She bought it cheap.

dar

We traveled cheaply.

Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite

clean = complet; cleanly = intr-o maniera curata

clear = exact; clearly = intr-o maniera clara

close = apropiat; closely = indeaproape



deep = adanc; deeply = profund

direct = direct; directly = imediat

due = spre (la busola) [Ex: They went due South.]; duly = punctual

easy = usor [Ex: Take it easy!]; easily = intr-o maniera lejera

free = gratis; freely = pe sleau, deschis

full = complet; fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa

hard = greu; hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc

high = sus; highly = foarte

just = tocmai; justly = asa cum se cuvine

late = tarziu; lately = in ultima vreme

large = extins; largely = pe scara larga

most = majoritatea; mostly = cu precadere

near = langa; nearly = aproape ca

pretty = foarte; prettily = intr-o maniera draguta

right = exact; rightly = cu precizie, clar

sharp = fix; sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa

short = brusc; shortly = imediat

Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles

fast; far; early; alike; alone; past; solo; straight; next; little; outside

! daca adjectivul se termina in "ly", el devine adverb prin constructia

in a + adj + manner

Ex: He is a friendly person.

adj

He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.

adv

coward = las (substantiv); cowardly = las (adjectiv); in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)

Gradele de comparatie

Se construiesc astfel:

daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se fac cu "er" si "est")

Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast

daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung (cu "more" si "the most")

Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most quickly of all / very quickly

Comparatia regulata

well - better - the best

badly - worse - the worst

much - more - the most

far - farther - the farthest

- further - the furthest

near - nearer - the next

little - less - the least

late - later - the last

Adverbe de timp

ago - se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent

Ex: I saw her one hour ago.

! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before

Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.

for - arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.

Ex: I haven't met her for two years.

! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut

Ex: I was a student for two years (I'm no longer a student).

! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)

! nu se pune "for" dupa verbele: to last, to take, to wait, to spend, to stay

Ex: I've been waiting ten minutes, (si nu I've been waiting for ten minutes).

It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).

since - arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.

Ex: I haven't met her since Monday.

Locutiuni adverbiale

subst + after + subst

day after day

year after year

month after month

during - urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care presupune actiuni paralele.

During poate fi inlocuit cu "in" daca se refera la perioade de timp

Ex: during my life = in my life

from . to - poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii

Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)

I get up at 8 o'clock and work till 10 o'clock.

! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from . to in loc de "to"

Adverbul de mod

fairly - foarte, dar nu extraordinar

Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.

Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la gradul pozitiv.

quite - este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere favorabila.

Ex: This car is quite cheap.

! cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie, "quite" capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.

Ex: Your dress is quite unique.

rather - se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este = foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative.

Ex: This car is rather expensive.

Poate fi precedat si urmat de articolul "a"

Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.

This is rather a difficult exercise.

pretty - foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)

Ex: I'm pretty tired.

very - Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau superlativ)

Ex: I do my very best.

He is very much faster than I am.

much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul

Ex: He is much faster than I am.

by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul

Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.

too - se cupleaza cu pozitivul

Ex: He is too fast.

enough - se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el

Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.

so - se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv

- cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv

Ex: It is so difficult.

I have so many friends / so much money.

There is so little time left.

such - urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de "a"

- de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl

Ex: He is such a man.

They are such interesting persons.





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